Haloperidol is primarily used to treat a range of psychiatric and neurological conditions. It is most commonly prescribed to manage the symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. Haloperidol is also used to treat acute psychosis, helping to reduce agitation and confusion during episodes of severe mental disturbance. In addition, it is effective in controlling tics and vocalizations associated with Tourette syndrome, improving the quality of life for individuals with this condition. Haloperidol is also used to manage severe behavioral issues, particularly in mania and bipolar disorder, by helping to control agitation and aggressive behavior. Additionally, in some cases, it is prescribed off-label to treat nausea and vomiting, especially when other treatments have failed. The medication works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which helps regulate mood, behavior, and thought processes.
Common side effects of haloperidol include drowsiness, dizziness, restlessness, and dry mouth. More serious side effects can include movement disorders (such as tremors, rigidity, and tardive dyskinesia), heart rhythm disturbances, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, and altered mental status.
Haloperidol should be used cautiously in patients with heart problems, liver disease, or Parkinson’s disease. It can cause extrapyramidal symptoms (movement disorders), and long-term use may lead to tardive dyskinesia, a condition that causes involuntary movements. It should not be used in people with dementia-related psychosis, as it can increase the risk of death in elderly patients. Regular monitoring by a healthcare provider is recommended to detect any serious side effects, and patients should avoid alcohol while taking this medication.
Should be used with caution due to the potential for serious side effects. It can cause extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), including tremors, rigidity, and tardive dyskinesia, particularly with long-term use. A rare but life-threatening condition, neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), may also occur, characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, and altered mental status. Haloperidol can affect heart rhythms and increase the risk of QT prolongation, which can lead to dangerous arrhythmias, so it should be used cautiously in individuals with heart disease or electrolyte imbalances. People with liver disease may require dosage adjustments, as the drug is metabolized by the liver. It can worsen symptoms of Parkinson's disease, so it is typically avoided in those with this condition. Haloperidol is also not recommended for treating dementia-related psychosis in elderly patients, as it may increase the risk of death. Alcohol should be avoided while taking haloperidol, as it can intensify its sedative effects, and the drug should only be used during pregnancy if the benefits outweigh the risks. Additionally, haloperidol passes into breast milk, so it should be used cautiously in breastfeeding mothers. Regular monitoring is essential to detect any adverse effects, particularly during long-term use.